LAB 4: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION AND INFECTION

INTRODUCTION:

What is Contamination?

Contamination is a process or act that causes materials or surfaces to be soiled with contaminating substances. There are two broad categories of surface contaminants: film type and particulates. These contaminants can produce a “killer defect” in a miniature circuit.  Film contaminants of only 10 nm (nanometers) can drastically reduce coating adhesion on a wafer or chip. It is widely accepted that particles of 0.5 microns or larger are the target. However, some industries are now targeting smaller particles.

 Sources of Contamination

This is a partial list of some of the commonly known contaminants that can cause problems in some cleanroom environments. It has been found that many of these contaminants are generated from five basic sources. The facilities, people, tools, fluids and the product being manufactured can all contribute to contamination.

What Is Infection?

 An invasion and multiplying of pathogenic microbes in the body tissues in which they are not usually present. Pathogenic means capable of causing disease. Infection does not always cause a disease.

Sources of infection

The source of  infection is the location from which an infection is acquired.

OBJECTIVE:

to determine the microorganism in the air and from healthy humans

RESULT:

We got the result after 24 hours.

Calculating microorganisms colony :

AIR:

1) 8

2) 15

HANDS:

1) 1454

2) 2536

EAR:

1) present

2) present

NORMAL BREATHING:

1) 5

2) 7

VIOLENT COUGHING:

1) 32

2) 7

DISCUSSION:

   Contamination is the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant) in material, physical body, natural environment, at a workplace, many more.

    Airborne microorganism are usually carried on dust particles,although some (fungal spores) carried directly by air currents.

   Resident microorganisms (colonizing or endogenous flora) include

Staphylococcus species and diptheroids. These microorganisms are

considered permanent residents of the skin and are not readily

removed by mechanical friction. Resident microorganisms in the deep

layers may not be removed by handwashing with plain soaps and

detergents, but they can usually be killed or inhibited by hand hygiene

with products that contain antimicrobial ingredients.

    

      Transient microorganisms (non-colonizing or exogenous flora) include

microorganisms that come into contact with skin through interactions

with patients, with equipment, or with the environment. Non-colonizing

flora are not consistently present in the majority of persons and survive

only a limited period of time. These organisms are most frequently

associated with Hospital-acquired infections and are often acquired

through activities that involve close contact with a patient’s secretions

or excreta. Non-colonizing flora are easily removed by routine handwashing.

CONCLUSION:

Bacteria are an important group of living organisms. Most of them are microscopic and unicellular, with a relatively simple cell structure, lacking a cell nucleus, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. During this experiment we can determine many type of microorganism that present in our whole body. For example airborne, resident and transient microorganism are all around us. As the conclusion, don’t eat or drink from unhygienic places. One should realize that while good bacteria can survive without us, we cannot survive without good bacteria.